{"id":252777,"date":"2017-03-03T16:20:00","date_gmt":"2017-03-03T16:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/?post_type=resources&p=252777"},"modified":"2022-11-09T10:59:41","modified_gmt":"2022-11-09T10:59:41","slug":"ifade-ozgurlugu-yalan-haber-dezenformasyon-ve-propaganda-hakkinda-ortak-bildiri","status":"publish","type":"resources","link":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/tr\/resources\/ifade-ozgurlugu-yalan-haber-dezenformasyon-ve-propaganda-hakkinda-ortak-bildiri\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cYalan Haber\u201d, Dezenformasyon ve Propaganda hakk\u0131nda Ortak Bildiri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc, Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (AG\u0130T) Medya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Temsilcisi, Amerikan Devletleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (AD\u00d6) \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc ve Afrika \u0130nsan ve Halklar\u0131n Haklar\u0131 Komisyonu (ACHPR) \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Bilgiye Eri\u015fim \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc,<\/strong><\/p>\n

ARTICLE 19<\/em>\u2019un ve <\/em>Hukuk ve Demokrasi Merkezi<\/em>\u2019nin (CLD) deste\u011fiyle bildirinin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda an\u0131lan hususlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015farak; <\/em><\/p>\n

26 Kas\u0131m 1999, 30 Kas\u0131m 2000, 20 Kas\u0131m 2001, 10 Aral\u0131k 2002, 18 Aral\u0131k 2003, 6 Aral\u0131k 2004, 21 Aral\u0131k 2005, 19 Aral\u0131k 2006, 12 Aral\u0131k 2007, 10 Aral\u0131k 2008, 15 May\u0131s 2009, 3 \u015eubat 2010, 1 Haziran 2011, 25 Haziran 2012, 4 May\u0131s 2013, 6 May\u0131s 2014, 4 May\u0131s 2015 ve 4 May\u0131s 2016 tarihli Ortak Bildirilerimizi hat\u0131rlatarak<\/em> ve yeniden onaylayarak<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Gerek Devletlerin gerekse Devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin besledi\u011fi (bazen \u201csahte, yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d ya da \u201cyalan haber\u201d olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan) dezenformasyon ve propagandan\u0131n geleneksel ve sosyal medyada giderek yayg\u0131n h\u00e2le geldi\u011fini ve bunlar\u0131n do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak neden olabilece\u011fi muhtelif hasarlar\u0131 kaydederek;<\/em><\/p>\n

Dezenformasyon ve propagandan\u0131n, genellikle bir insan grubunu yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlendirmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ifade ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc haklar\u0131yla ilgili uluslararas\u0131 yasal g\u00fcvenceler kapsam\u0131nda korunan halk\u0131n bilgi edinme hakk\u0131na ve bireylerin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgiyi ve fikri, s\u0131n\u0131rlara bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, ara\u015ft\u0131rma, edinme ve iletme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etme amac\u0131yla tasarlan\u0131p y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin endi\u015feyi dile getirerek<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Dezenformasyon ve propagandan\u0131n baz\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerinin, bireylerin itibar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zel hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n gizlili\u011fini zedeleyebilece\u011fini veya toplumdaki\u00a0 tan\u0131mlanabilir gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ya da d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik edebilece\u011fini vurgulayarak<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Kamu otoritelerinin, medyan\u0131n \u201cmuhalif\u201d oldu\u011funu ya da \u201cyalan s\u00f6yledi\u011fini\u201d veya gizli bir siyas\u00ee g\u00fcndemi oldu\u011funu belirterek medyay\u0131 karalad\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tehdit etti\u011fi ve b\u00f6ylece gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik tehdit ve \u015fiddet tehlikesini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar\u0131n, halk\u0131n, kamu bek\u00e7ili\u011fi rol\u00fcne sahip gazetecili\u011fe duydu\u011fu g\u00fcveni ve inanc\u0131 zay\u0131flatmas\u0131ndan ve dezenformasyon ile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z organlarca teyit edilebilir olgular\u0131 i\u00e7eren medya \u00fcr\u00fcnleri aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belirsizle\u015ftirerek kamuyu yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlendirebilece\u011finden dolay\u0131 endi\u015fe duyarak<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Bilgi ve fikir iletme hakk\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u201cdo\u011fru\u201d beyanlarla s\u0131n\u0131rlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, bu hakk\u0131n \u015fok edici, ho\u015fa gitmeyen ve rahats\u0131z edici bilgi ve fikirleri de korudu\u011funun ve dezenformasyona ili\u015fkin yasaklar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 standartlar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edebilece\u011finin, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda bu durumun, resm\u00ee akt\u00f6rlerin ya da Devlet akt\u00f6rlerinin bilerek ya da taksirle yanl\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yaymas\u0131n\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Hem geni\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlilikte bilgi ve fikir kaynaklar\u0131na hem de bunlar\u0131 yayma imk\u00e2nlar\u0131na engelsiz eri\u015fimin ve kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ve toplumda fikirlerin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmesini sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ve n\u00fcfuzlu kesimlerin bek\u00e7ili\u011fini \u00fcstlenmek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren bir medyan\u0131n demokratik bir toplumdaki \u00f6nemini vurgulayarak<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Devletlerin, geleneksel medya i\u00e7in giderek zorla\u015fan ekonomik ko\u015fullar nedeniyle bask\u0131 alt\u0131na giren medya \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini te\u015fvik etme, koruma ve\u00a0 destekleme de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak bir ortam\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 hususunda pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funu tekrar ederek<\/em>;<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet\u2019in ve di\u011fer dijital teknolojilerin, dezenformasyon ve propagandan\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken ayn\u0131 zamanda bunlara yan\u0131t verilmesini de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan, bireylerin bilgi ve fikirlere eri\u015fim ve bunlar\u0131 yayma becerilerini desteklemek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fcstlendi\u011fi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc rol\u00fc <\/em>kabul ederek<\/em>;<\/em><\/p>\n

Dijital teknolojiler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran arac\u0131lar\u0131n, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda sorumluluklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu yeniden tasdik ederek<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin, medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve\/veya internet sitelerinin kurulmas\u0131 ve i\u015fletilmesine ili\u015fkin bask\u0131c\u0131 kurallar koyma; gazetecilere akreditasyon reddi ve gazetecilerin siyas\u00ee gerek\u00e7elerle kovu\u015fturulmas\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, kamusal ya da \u00f6zel medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetlerine m\u00fcdahale etme; hangi i\u00e7eri\u011fin yay\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin gereksiz bir \u015fekilde k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 yasalar \u00e7\u0131karma; keyf\u00ee ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l uygulamas\u0131; dijital teknolojileri, eri\u015fim engeli, filtreleme, yay\u0131n bozma ve kapatma vas\u0131tas\u0131yla teknik denetim alt\u0131na alma; arac\u0131lar\u0131, i\u00e7erikleri s\u0131n\u0131rlama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nlem almaya zorlayarak kontrol tedbirlerini \u201c\u00f6zelle\u015ftirme\u201d \u00e7abalar\u0131 gibi \u00f6nlemler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla muhalefete bask\u0131 uygulamaya ve kamusal ileti\u015fim kanallar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmeye y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimlerini k\u0131nayarak<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Sivil toplum ve medyan\u0131n, kas\u0131tl\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f haber, dezenformasyon ve propagandan\u0131n tespit edilmesi ve bunlarla ilgili fark\u0131ndal\u0131k olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131layarak ve destekleyerek<\/em>;<\/p>\n

Arac\u0131lar\u0131n, hukuk\u00ee usule ili\u015fkin asgari standartlara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermeyen ve\/veya i\u00e7eriklere eri\u015fimi ya da bu i\u00e7eriklerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gereksiz bir \u015fekilde k\u0131s\u0131tlayan, do\u011fas\u0131 itibariyle \u015feffaf olmayan, algoritmalar ya da dijital tan\u0131ma tabanl\u0131 i\u00e7erik kald\u0131rma sistemleri gibi otomatik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla dijital i\u00e7eriklere eri\u015fimi ya da bunlar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 tedbirlerden dolay\u0131 endi\u015fe <\/em>duyarak<\/em>;<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cYalan Haber\u201d, Dezenformasyon ve Propaganda hakk\u0131nda Ortak Bildiri metnini 3 Mart 2017 tarihinde Viyana\u2019da kabul etmi\u015ftir<\/em>:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1.Genel \u0130lkeler:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a) Devletler, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131na yaln\u0131zca, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk uyar\u0131nca, getirilecek k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara y\u00f6nelik testle uyumlu olmas\u0131, yani kanunlarla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kapsam\u0131nda kabul edilen me\u015fru \u00e7\u0131karlardan birini g\u00fctmesi ve s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in gerekli ve orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirebilir.<\/p>\n

b) \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, (Medeni ve Siyas\u00ee Haklara \u0130li\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin Madde 20(2) bendi gere\u011fince) ancak 1(a) bendinde belirtilen ko\u015fullarla uyumlu olmas\u0131 durumunda, nefretin, \u015fiddete, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ya da d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma \u015feklini alacak \u015fekilde savunulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilebilir.<\/p>\n

c) Yaln\u0131zca bir Devletin yetki alan\u0131 i\u00e7ine giren yay\u0131nlara de\u011fil, bir Devletin yetki alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yay\u0131n yapan medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve di\u011fer ileti\u015fim sistemlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, men\u015fe Devlet haricindeki Devletlerdeki topluluklara ula\u015fanlara y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmalar\u0131 da k\u0131s\u0131tlamak amac\u0131yla, 1(a) ve (b) bentlerinde ana hatlar\u0131 \u00e7izilen standartlar s\u0131n\u0131rlara bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

d) Arac\u0131lar, ilgili i\u00e7eri\u011fe \u00f6zellikle m\u00fcdahale etmezlerse ya da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, tarafs\u0131z ve yetkili bir denetim organ\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin, mahkeme), i\u00e7eri\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik, hukuk\u00ee usule ili\u015fkin standartlarla uyumlu bir \u015fekilde al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f karar\u0131n\u0131, bu karar\u0131 yerine getirecek teknik donan\u0131ma sahip olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, yerine getirmeyi reddetmezlerse, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraflar\u0131n bu hizmetlerle alakal\u0131 i\u00e7eriklerinden asla sorumlu tutulmamal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

e) Bireylerin, yaln\u0131zca, arac\u0131lar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla, kendilerinin \u00fcretmedi\u011fi ya da \u00fcretimine katk\u0131da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erikleri yaymalar\u0131ndan ya da desteklemelerinden dolay\u0131 sorumlu tutulmamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in korunmalar\u0131na \u00f6nem verilmelidir.<\/p>\n

f) \u0130nternet sitelerinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n, IP adreslerinin, port\u2019lar\u0131n ya da a\u011f protokollerinin devlet eliyle engellenmesi, ancak bunun yasalarla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131, ilgili \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha az k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 alternatif tedbirlerin bulunmamas\u0131 ve hukuk\u00ee usule ili\u015fkin asgari g\u00fcvencelere sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bir insan hakk\u0131n\u0131n ya da ba\u015fka bir me\u015fru kamu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olmas\u0131 durumunda hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilecek a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir tedbirdir.<\/p>\n

g) Bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan dayat\u0131lan ve son kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7bir kontrole sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erik filtreleme sistemleri, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama olarak hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterilemez.<\/p>\n

h) \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131 \u201cs\u0131n\u0131rlara bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n\u201d ge\u00e7erlidir ve ba\u015fka bir yetki alan\u0131 merkezli bir yay\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n sinyallerini bozmak ya da programlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yay\u0131nlanma haklar\u0131n\u0131 feshetmek, ilgili yay\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7eriklerin, i\u00e7eri\u011fe ili\u015fkin me\u015fru bir s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmay\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 1(a) bendinde belirtilen ko\u015fullar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131) ciddi ve \u0131srarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ihlal etti\u011finin bir adliye mahkemesi ya da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, yetkili ve tarafs\u0131z ba\u015fka bir denetleme organ\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilmesi ve yay\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Devletin ilgili makamlar\u0131yla temas kurmak da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, sorunu ele almaya y\u00f6nelik di\u011fer ara\u00e7lar\u0131n etkisiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilmesi h\u00e2linde me\u015frudur.<\/p>\n

2. Dezenformasyon ve Propaganda ile \u0130lgili Standartlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

a) \u201cYanl\u0131\u015f haber\u201d ya da \u201cnesnellikten uzak bilgi\u201d de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015f ve mu\u011flak fikirlere dayanan bilgilerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik genel yasaklar, 1(a) bendinde belirtilen, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin uluslararas\u0131 standartlarla ba\u011fda\u015fmaz ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

b) Hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin ceza hukuku yasalar\u0131 haks\u0131z yere k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yanl\u0131\u015f ya da itibar\u0131 zedeleyici beyanlara y\u00f6nelik sorumlulu\u011fa ili\u015fkin medeni hukuk kurallar\u0131 ancak san\u0131klara s\u00f6z konusu beyanlar\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu kan\u0131tlama f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilmesi ve san\u0131klar\u0131n bunlar\u0131n sahihli\u011fini ve hakl\u0131 ele\u015ftiri gibi di\u011fer savunmalar\u0131n kapsam\u0131na girdi\u011fini ispatlayamamas\u0131 durumunda me\u015frudur.<\/p>\n

c) Devlet akt\u00f6rleri, yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu bildikleri ya da makul bir \u015fekilde bilmeleri gereken (dezenformasyon) ya da teyit edilebilir bilgileri kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak dikkate almayan (propaganda) beyanlarda bulunmamal\u0131, bu beyanlar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmemeli, bunlara destek vermemeli ve bu beyanlar\u0131 daha fazla yaymamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

d) Devlet akt\u00f6rleri, ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 yasal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fckleri ve kamusal g\u00f6revleri gere\u011fince, ekonomi, kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcvenlik ve \u00e7evre gibi, kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren meseleler hakk\u0131nda da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, g\u00fcvenilir ve do\u011fru bilgiler yayd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermelidir.<\/p>\n

3. \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ortam\u0131n\u0131n Yarat\u0131lmas\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a) Devletlerin, \u00f6zg\u00fcr, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren bir ileti\u015fim ortam\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de dezenformasyon ve propagandaya kar\u015f\u0131 kilit ara\u00e7lardan biri olan medya \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin te\u015fvik edilmesi hususunda pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

b) Devletler, yay\u0131nc\u0131lar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir d\u00fczenleyici \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturmal\u0131 ve bu \u00e7er\u00e7evenin, siyas\u00ee ve ticar\u00ee m\u00fcdahale ya da bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 korunan ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren bir yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fvik eden bir organ eliyle denetlenmesini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

c) Devletler, t\u00fcm kamunun yarar\u0131na hizmet etmek ve y\u00fcksek gazetecilik standartlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak \u00fczere a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131nan, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve yeterli finansmana sahip kamu hizmeti medyas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

d) Devletler, medya \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in, durumun gereklerine g\u00f6re, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ya da tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erebilecek ba\u015fka tedbirleri de devreye koymal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

i. \u00c7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren ve kaliteli medya i\u00e7eriklerinin \u00fcretilmesini desteklemek i\u00e7in, s\u00fcbvansiyon ya da di\u011fer mal\u00ee yard\u0131mlar\u0131n verilmesi veya teknik destek sa\u011flanmas\u0131;<\/p>\n

ii. Medya sahipli\u011finde haks\u0131z tekelle\u015fmeyi \u00f6nleyecek kurallar; ve<\/p>\n

iii.\u00a0 Medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, sahiplik yap\u0131lar\u0131 konusunda \u015feffaf olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kurallar.<\/p>\n

e) Devletler, medya okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dijital okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek amac\u0131yla, bu konular\u0131n d\u00fczenli okul m\u00fcfredat\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak anlat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu konulara y\u00f6nelik fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in sivil toplumla ve di\u011fer payda\u015flarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, tedbirler almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

f) Devletler, dezenformasyon ve propagandan\u0131n olumsuz etkilerinin \u00fczerine e\u011filme amac\u0131yla da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, e\u015fitlik, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleraras\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve di\u011fer demokratik de\u011ferleri te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fka tedbirler almay\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmelidir.<\/p>\n

4. Arac\u0131lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

a) Arac\u0131lar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraflar\u0131n i\u00e7eriklerini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in (i\u00e7erik silme ya da moderasyon gibi) yasal gereksinimlerin \u00f6tesinde \u00f6nlem almay\u0131 tasarlad\u0131klar\u0131 durumlarda, bu \u00f6nlemleri y\u00f6nlendirmek \u00fczere a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f politikalar kabul etmelidirler. Bu politikalar, ideolojik ya da siyas\u00ee saiklere de\u011fil, nesnel olarak hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir kriterlere dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde, kullan\u0131c\u0131larla isti\u015fare edildikten sonra kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

b) Arac\u0131lar, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, hizmet \u015fartlar\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, 4(a) bendi kapsam\u0131na giren \u00f6nlemler i\u00e7in uygulamaya koyduklar\u0131 politika ve uygulamalara kolayca eri\u015fmesini ve bunlar\u0131 anlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, bu politika ve uygulamalar\u0131n nas\u0131l uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgileri ve gerekti\u011finde, bunlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, net ve kolay anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r \u00f6zetlerini ya da bunlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131 kullan\u0131ma sunmak da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, etkili tedbirler almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

c) Arac\u0131lar, 4(a) bendi kapsam\u0131na giren \u00f6nlemleri al\u0131rken; kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcrettikleri, y\u00fckledikleri ya da sunduklar\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011fin \u00f6nleme tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda derhal bilgilendirme ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lara, yaln\u0131zca yasal ve makul pratik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara tabi olacak \u015fekilde, s\u00f6z konusu \u00f6nleme itiraz etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunma, \u00f6nlem almadan \u00f6nce ilgili i\u00e7erikle alakal\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yetleri kendi politikalar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca dikkatle inceleme ve tedbirleri tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde uygulama da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, hukuk\u00ee usule ili\u015fkin asgari g\u00fcvencelere sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermelidir.<\/p>\n

d) Yaln\u0131zca rekabete ya da faaliyetlerine ili\u015fkin me\u015fru gereksinimlere tabi olacak \u015fekilde, 4(b) bendinde belirtilen standartlar, arac\u0131lar\u0131n, ya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraflar\u0131n i\u00e7eriklerine ya da kendi i\u00e7eriklerine y\u00f6nelik olarak \u00f6nlem alma amac\u0131yla i\u015flettikleri (algoritmik ya da di\u011fer) t\u00fcm otomatik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

e) Arac\u0131lar, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak ba\u015fvurabilecekleri, dezenformasyon ve propagandaya y\u00f6nelik uygun teknolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131na destek olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Kullan\u0131c\u0131lara bilgi ve haberlerin do\u011frulu\u011funu teyit etme hizmeti sunan inisiyatiflerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmal\u0131 ve fikir ve kanaat \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini olumsuz etkilememesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, reklam modellerini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmelidirler.<\/p>\n

5. Gazeteciler ve Medya Kurulu\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

a) Medya ve gazeteciler, ister belirli medya sekt\u00f6rleri d\u00fczeyinde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bas\u0131nla ilgili \u015fik\u00e2yetleri kabul eden kurumlar) ister m\u00fcstakil medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131 d\u00fczeyinde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ombudsman ya da kamu edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) olsun, medyada yer alan do\u011fru olmayan beyanlar\u0131 ele almak i\u00e7in tekzip hakk\u0131 ve\/veya cevap hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, haberlerde do\u011frulu\u011fun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin standartlar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren, etkili \u00f6z-denetim sistemlerini, gerekti\u011fi \u015fekilde, desteklemelidirler.<\/p>\n

b) Medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemlerinde ve kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, dezenformasyon ve propaganda i\u00e7eren bilgileri ele\u015ftirel bir tav\u0131rla yay\u0131nlamay\u0131, toplumdaki bek\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revleri gere\u011fince, haber hizmetlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line getirmeyi de\u011ferlendirmelidir.<\/p>\n

6. Payda\u015f i\u015fbirli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

a) Arac\u0131lar, medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131, sivil toplum ve akademi de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm payda\u015flar, dezenformasyon ve propagandan\u0131n demokrasi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, gazetecilik ve sivil alan \u00fczerindeki etkisinin daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlara uygun yan\u0131tlar verilmesini sa\u011flayacak, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ve \u015feffaf inisiyatifler geli\u015ftirmeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde desteklenmelidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","format":"standard","pillar":[146],"content-type":[1610],"issue":[1448,1515,1525],"region":[],"campaign-tax":[],"class_list":["post-252777","resources","type-resources","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","pillar-media-tr","content-type-joint-declaration-tr","issue-media-freedom-tr","issue-regional-inter-governmental-organisations-tr","issue-united-nations-tr"],"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":"","thumbnail":"","medium":"","medium_large":"","large":"","1536x1536":"","2048x2048":"","mobile":"","super":"","two-col":"","resources-featured":"","timeline":"","article-block":"","article-block-double":"","donations-image":"","donations-bottom-image":"","square":"","event":"","event-large":"","video":"","article-hero":"","gform-image-choice-sm":"","gform-image-choice-md":"","gform-image-choice-lg":""},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc, Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (AG\u0130T) Medya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Temsilcisi, Amerikan Devletleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (AD\u00d6) \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc ve Afrika \u0130nsan ve Halklar\u0131n Haklar\u0131 Komisyonu (ACHPR) \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Bilgiye Eri\u015fim \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc, ARTICLE 19\u2019un ve Hukuk ve Demokrasi Merkezi\u2019nin (CLD) deste\u011fiyle bildirinin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda an\u0131lan hususlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015farak; 26 Kas\u0131m 1999, 30 Kas\u0131m 2000, 20 Kas\u0131m 2001, 10 Aral\u0131k 2002, 18 Aral\u0131k 2003, 6 Aral\u0131k 2004, 21 Aral\u0131k 2005, 19 Aral\u0131k 2006, 12 Aral\u0131k 2007, 10 Aral\u0131k 2008, 15 May\u0131s 2009, 3 \u015eubat 2010, 1 Haziran 2011, 25 Haziran 2012, 4 May\u0131s 2013,…<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"","author_info_v2":{"name":"","url":""},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cYalan Haber\u201d, Dezenformasyon ve Propaganda hakk\u0131nda Ortak Bildiri - ARTICLE 19<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/tr\/resources\/ifade-ozgurlugu-yalan-haber-dezenformasyon-ve-propaganda-hakkinda-ortak-bildiri\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201cYalan Haber\u201d, Dezenformasyon ve Propaganda hakk\u0131nda Ortak Bildiri - ARTICLE 19\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc, Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (AG\u0130T) Medya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Temsilcisi, Amerikan Devletleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (AD\u00d6) \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc ve Afrika \u0130nsan ve Halklar\u0131n Haklar\u0131 Komisyonu (ACHPR) \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Bilgiye Eri\u015fim \u00d6zel Raport\u00f6r\u00fc, ARTICLE 19\u2019un ve Hukuk ve Demokrasi Merkezi\u2019nin (CLD) deste\u011fiyle bildirinin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda an\u0131lan hususlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015farak; 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