{"id":59418,"date":"2020-10-06T16:54:23","date_gmt":"2020-10-06T15:54:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/?page_id=59418"},"modified":"2025-08-13T14:43:21","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T13:43:21","slug":"ttn-iran-november-shutdown","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/fa\/ttn-iran-november-shutdown\/","title":{"rendered":"Iran: Tightening the Net 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"share share--inline\">\n    <p class=\"share__title\">Share<\/p>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=Iran: Tightening the Net 2020&#038;url=https:\/\/www.article19.org\/fa\/ttn-iran-november-shutdown\/\" class=\"share__icon share__icon--twitter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <span class=\"share__icon\">\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 15 12.18\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m13.47 3.44a8.69 8.69 0 0 1 -8.75 8.74 8.65 8.65 0 0 1 -4.72-1.38 6.12 6.12 0 0 0 .74 0 6.15 6.15 0 0 0 3.82-1.27 3.11 3.11 0 0 1 -2.88-2.13 5.85 5.85 0 0 0 .59 0 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 .8-.1 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 -2.46-3 3.07 3.07 0 0 0 1.39.37 3.06 3.06 0 0 1 -1.37-2.56 3 3 0 0 1 .42-1.55 8.69 8.69 0 0 0 6.34 3.22 3.36 3.36 0 0 1 -.08-.71 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 5.32-2.07 6 6 0 0 0 1.95-.77 3.06 3.06 0 0 1 -1.35 1.69 6.17 6.17 0 0 0 1.77-.47 6.64 6.64 0 0 1 -1.54 1.55c.01.17.01.3.01.44z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg>        <\/span>\n    <\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.article19.org\/fa\/ttn-iran-november-shutdown\/\" class=\"share__icon share__icon--facebook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <span class=\"share__icon\">\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 7.73 15\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m5 3.79v1.83h2.5l-.34 2.67h-2.16v6.71h-2.75v-6.71h-2.25v-2.67h2.25v-2.1a3.21 3.21 0 0 1 3.43-3.52 16.53 16.53 0 0 1 2.05.11v2.38h-1.41c-1.11 0-1.32.51-1.32 1.3z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg>        <\/span>\n    <\/a>\n\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url=https:\/\/www.article19.org\/fa\/ttn-iran-november-shutdown\/\" class=\"share__icon share__icon--linkedin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <span class=\"share__icon\">\n            <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>\n<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 25.4.0, SVG Export Plug-In . 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Iranians are increasingly anxious that the authorities will prevent them from accessing vital information by cutting off their access to the global Internet.&nbsp;<br><br><strong>In our latest report, Tightening the Net 2020: After Blood and Shutdowns, ARTICLE 19:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol id=\"block-389e91ba-d77a-46d9-b2f5-f73daccebe9a\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reveals <\/strong>the complex infrastructure and the opacity in decision making processes that have allowed the Iranian government to repeatedly shutdown the Internet whenever they choose.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Examines<\/strong> the role US sanctions have played in isolating Iranians<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Considers<\/strong> the outlook for Internet governance and connectivity in Iran<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Outlines<\/strong> clear solutions to address this problem.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"ARTICLE 19 Iran - Tightening the Net: After blood and shutdowns\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/L7yYAwzyygU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"aligncenter wp-block-ugb-cta ugb-cta ugb-aec563e ugb-cta ugb-cta--v2 ugb-main-block\"><style>.ugb-aec563e .ugb-cta__item{border-radius:31px !important;background-color:#ededed !important}.ugb-aec563e .ugb-cta__item:before{background-color:#ededed !important}.ugb-aec563e .ugb-cta__title{margin-bottom:12px !important}.ugb-aec563e .ugb-button{background-color:#da291c;padding-top:18px;padding-bottom:18px;border-radius:14px !important}.ugb-aec563e .ugb-button .ugb-button--inner,.ugb-aec563e .ugb-button svg:not(.ugb-custom-icon){color:#ffffff !important}.ugb-aec563e .ugb-button:before{border-radius:14px !important}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-cta__item\"><h3 class=\"ugb-cta__title\">Download our report<\/h3><div class=\"ugb-button-container\"><a class=\"ugb-button ugb-button--size-large\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/TTN-report-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" title=\"\"><span class=\"ugb-button--inner\"><strong>Iran: Tightening the Net 2020 <\/strong><br><strong>After Blood and Shutdowns<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What happened during the events of November 2019<\/strong>?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\t\t\t<!-- Cool Timeline PRO V6.1.2 -->\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ctl-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Timeline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cool_timeline_2\" class=\"cool-timeline-wrapper ctl-both-sided ctl-vertical-wrapper ctl-compact-wrapper ctl-design-3\" data-dir=\"rtl\" data-nav=\"show\" data-line-filling=\"false\" data-nav-pos=\"right\" data-nav-style=\"style-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ctl-start\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Timeline Container -->\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ctl-timeline ctl-timeline-container\" data-animation=\"zoom-in-down\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Center Line -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ctl-inner-line\" role=\"presentation\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-59146\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-right ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"1\" role=\"article\"><span class=\"scrollable-section ctl-year-container\" data-section-title=\"2019\"><\/span><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-59146\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">16 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Media --><div class=\"ctl-media full\"><a data-glightbox=\"16 November 2019\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1.jpg\" class=\"ctl_glightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1.jpg\" class=\"story-img wp-post-image\" alt=\"16 November 2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1.jpg 576w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1-480x357.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1-570x424.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1-370x275.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1-170x126.jpg 170w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-1-470x349.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/a><\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><strong><em>Figure 1: A user on an MCI data plan loses mobile connectivity at 15:00 on the first day of protests in Tehran.<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the early hours of 16 November 2019, the first reports began to<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arrive that the Internet had been cut off in cities like Ahvaz in southwest<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iran, where protests had been most pronounced.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Semi-state-owned MCI and Irancell, the largest mobile operators in the\r\ncountry, disconnected their cellular data connectivity on 16 November in\r\nan unprecedented move (Figure 1). Soon ISPs would disconnect home\r\nbroadband connections.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Immediately before the Internet was shut off in Tehran, reports from the\r\ncity indicated increasing protest mobilisation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-58899\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-left ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"2\" role=\"article\"><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-58899\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">16 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Media --><div class=\"ctl-media full\"><a data-glightbox=\"16 November 2019\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1.jpg\" class=\"ctl_glightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1.jpg\" class=\"story-img wp-post-image\" alt=\"16 November 2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1.jpg 663w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1-480x324.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1-570x385.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1-370x250.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1-170x115.jpg 170w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/3-phones-1-470x318.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><p><strong><em>Figure 2: Screen captures from Tehran-based Waze users sharing information on where to park cars for protests on the afternoon of 16 <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>November.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Users started organising meeting points for street protests on Waze, <\/span>the crowdsourced navigation application, and social media platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, and Twitter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The first screen capture in Figure 2 shows a user sharing their location <\/span>for protesting and writing \u201cscrew the regime.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-59151\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-right ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"3\" role=\"article\"><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-59151\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">16 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Media --><div class=\"ctl-media full\"><a data-glightbox=\"16 November 2019\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1.jpg\" class=\"ctl_glightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1.jpg\" class=\"story-img wp-post-image\" alt=\"16 November 2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1.jpg 962w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-768x452.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-480x282.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-570x335.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-870x512.jpg 870w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-780x459.jpg 780w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-370x218.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-740x435.jpg 740w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-170x100.jpg 170w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-3-1-470x277.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><p><strong><em>Figure 3: Google Maps image of traffic jams caused by protests on 16 November.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Google Maps (Figure 3) illustrates the scale of demonstrations. Traffic<br \/>\njams, caused mostly by parked-car protests, reached almost all major<br \/>\nhighways and streets, locking down most road traffic.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">! <\/span>Amnesty documented 100 deaths on 16 November.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-59209\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-left ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"4\" role=\"article\"><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-59209\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">17 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Media --><div class=\"ctl-media full\"><a data-glightbox=\"17 November 2019\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1.jpg\" class=\"ctl_glightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"481\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1-481x1024.jpg\" class=\"story-img wp-post-image\" alt=\"17 November 2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1-481x1024.jpg 481w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1-141x300.jpg 141w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1-480x1021.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1-370x787.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1-80x170.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1-188x400.jpg 188w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1990\/10\/Image-4-1.jpg 562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px\" \/><\/a><\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><p><strong><em>Figure 4: The impact on the network from Oracle\u2019s Internet Intelligence data.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Disconnections occurred across the majority of Iran\u2019s ISPs, cutting off most links by 17 November around 14:00 (Figure 4).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>!<\/strong><\/span> <strong>Amnesty documented 78 deaths on 17 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-59339\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-right ctl-no-media ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"5\" role=\"article\"><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-59339\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">18-24 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><p>\u2022 The Internet remained disconnected across the entire country for the next six days, and for longer in parts where unrest did not subside for the next 10 days.<br \/>\n\u2022 Many platforms and government services that operate or are available through the NIN remained online. Despite some initial technical glitches, most of these NIN services were working throughout the shutdown.<br \/>\n\u2022 Snapp\u2019s Uber-like app, online taxi app, Tap30, and local navigation and messaging apps, such as Balad and Soroush messenger, were offered through the NIN and were accessible.<br \/>\n\u2022 However, there were some gaps, for example Iran does not have a functional domestic search engine. In a hasty move, ISPs launched a directory website of all domestic services and sent SMS messages to some mobile users to inform them of this directory.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-59340\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-left ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"6\" role=\"article\"><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-59340\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">20 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Media --><div class=\"ctl-media full\"><a data-glightbox=\"20 November 2019\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5.jpg\" class=\"ctl_glightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5.jpg\" class=\"story-img wp-post-image\" alt=\"20 November 2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5.jpg 512w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5-154x300.jpg 154w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5-480x938.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5-370x723.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5-87x170.jpg 87w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image-5-205x400.jpg 205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><p><strong><em>Figure 5: SMS with instructions on reconnecting the country<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 ISPs (see Chapter 3) received a notice from the CRA to start phasing in reconnections.<br \/>\n\u2022 Figure 5 shows an SMS message sent to an Iranian ISP on instructions on how to reconnect the country (source wishes to remain anonymous). The source indicated that other ISPs received the same instructions.<br \/>\n1. The economic need to reconnect to the global Internet. The notice described these \u201ceconomic priority\u201d organisations as \u201ccompanies, service offices, businesses, universities, research organisations, religious organisations, government offices, police forces, start-ups news agencies, newspapers and needed websites.\u201d<br \/>\n2. Was the area being reconnected within one of the zones of unrest. Zones of unrest included Shiraz city, Khuzestan Province, Alborz Province, and cities west of Tehran.<br \/>\n\u2022 Khuzestan, Sistan, and Balochistan Provinces only came back online a couple weeks after the rest of the country because protests continued in these regions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-59359\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon odd ctl-story-right ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"7\" role=\"article\"><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-59359\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">25 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Media --><div class=\"ctl-media full\"><a data-glightbox=\"25 November 2019\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6.jpg\" class=\"ctl_glightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"379\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6.jpg\" class=\"story-img wp-post-image\" alt=\"25 November 2019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6-480x284.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6-570x337.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6-370x219.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6-170x101.jpg 170w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/image6-470x278.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><p><strong><em>Figure 6: Iran\u2019s ISPs resume majority connectivity by 25 November 2019 (from RIPE STAT).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ISPs started to appear online again (Figure 6).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- Timeline Content --><div id=\"ctl-story-59396\" class=\"ctl-story ctl-story-dot-icon even ctl-story-left ctl-no-media ctl-main-date\" data-story-index=\"8\" role=\"article\"><!-- Story IconDot --><div class=\"ctl-icondot\"><\/div> <!-- Story Arrow --><div class=\"ctl-arrow\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<!-- Story Content --><div class=\"ctl-content\"><!-- Story Title --> <div class=\"ctl-title story-59396\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\">27 November 2019<\/div><!-- Story Date --><div class=\"ctl-labels\"><div class=\"ctl-label-big story-date\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019<\/div><\/div><!-- Story Description --><div class=\"ctl-description\"><p>All ISPs were back online, operating and reconnecting Iranian users to international Internet services.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ctl-end\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eaecf0\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How can the Iranian government shut down the Internet for over 80 million people?<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-spacer ugb-spacer ugb-4af7407 ugb-spacer--v2 ugb-main-block\"><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-spacer--inner\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The creation of the National Information Network<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contrary to popular belief, there was no centralised \u201cswitch off\u201d from the global internet.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, the scale and length of Iran\u2019s November shutdowns were the result of a&nbsp; government serving each Internet Service Provider&nbsp; (ISP) direct orders to disconnect their users from international traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Explore the images below to learn more about how Iran has effectively created a \u2018national\u2019 Internet.<br><strong>(Hover over the images to use the zoom function)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-zoooom\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-58871\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-480x339.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-1500x1061.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-570x403.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-870x615.jpg 870w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-780x551.jpg 780w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-370x262.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-740x523.jpg 740w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-170x120.jpg 170w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal-470x332.jpg 470w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/iranianmapfinal.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure A1.1: A map of Iran\u2019s Internet infrastructure at the time of the Internet shutdowns \u2013 November 2019.The five gateways that peer to international connections are the three blue nodes and two orange nodes at the center of the graph.<strong>AS34837 and AS35285 of IPM (also in orange) do not peer to international connections despite being part of the network.<\/strong><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large zoooom is-style-zoooom\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"719\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-1024x719.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-58371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-1024x719.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-768x539.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-1536x1079.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-2048x1438.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-1600x1124.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-480x337.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-1500x1053.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-570x400.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-870x611.jpg 870w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-780x548.jpg 780w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-370x260.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-740x520.jpg 740w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-170x119.jpg 170w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP-Edit-3-Main-A3-01-470x330.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure A1.2: The main connections to international peers (see Annex 2 for full methodology). It\u2019s important to note that while peerings have become deentralised, or independent of the TIC and IPM, the physical terrestrial or submarine cables enabling these peerings are still operated by the TIC (or state authorities).<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image zoooom is-style-zoooom\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-512x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-58353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-512x1024.jpg 512w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-150x300.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-768x1536.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-480x960.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-570x1140.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-870x1740.jpg 870w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-780x1560.jpg 780w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-370x740.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-740x1480.jpg 740w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-85x170.jpg 85w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit-200x400.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Copy-of-A-MAP_Edit_3-small_fit.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure A1.3: Smaller \u201cfirst layer\u201d connections. These are ISPs that<br>are directly connecting to international gateways.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;The Role of US Sanctions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The US\u2019s Maximum Pressure policy prevents Iran from engaging in international trade.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This has played right into Iranian government propaganda about Iranian \u201cvulnerability to outside forces\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And it has&nbsp; pushed Iranian developers and websites onto the National Information Network.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This closed Internet system means that people and the private sector are restricted from accessing the global Internet.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, US sanctions are further isolating people in Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-yellow-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who was responsible for the shutdown?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There has been no judicial oversight of 2019\u2019s shutdown.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even in the context of Iran\u2019s complex governance structures, it is still unclear precisely who ordered the blackout.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our report calls on Iran to all document all Internet governance and decision making with complete transparency.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(Hover over the image to use the zoom function)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large zoooom is-style-zoooom\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-58991\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-480x340.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-570x403.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-870x615.jpg 870w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-780x552.jpg 780w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-370x262.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-740x523.jpg 740w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-170x120.jpg 170w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10-470x332.jpg 470w, https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Iran-power-structure10.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-lightgreybg-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What are the implications for the future of digital rights and freedom of expression in Iran?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The National Information Network doesn\u2019t guarantee anonymity, privacy or data protection.&nbsp;Rather, authorities may filter or censor content based on political, cultural or religious criteria.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Net neutrality is undermined, diversity of content is severely reduced, and people are prevented from freely exchanging information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the event of future protests, the government can shutdown the Internet again, preventing Iranians from coming together and from accessing international news.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And, as we have already seen, future shutdowns mean that the murder of innocent people will happen again and could escalate unchecked.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eaecf0\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Calls to Action<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ARTICLE 19 recommends the following actions and solutions for Iran, the EU, the US, and Tech Companies<strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-d943dda ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-d943dda .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:rgba(218,41,28,1) !important}.ugb-d943dda .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-d943dda .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-d943dda .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\">The Iranian Ministry of ICT<\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <strong><strong>Acknowledge<\/strong> <\/strong>the events of November 2019 as a serious violation of International Human Rights standards.<br>2. <strong>Conduct<\/strong> a transparent and independent investigation into all the officials that enact censorship and shutdowns.<br>3. <strong>Prosecute<\/strong> the individuals responsible and bring them to justice.<br>4. <strong>Continue <\/strong>decentralising the Internet infrastructure and create the CRA (full form) that oversees Internet governance according to International Human Rights Standards.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-edd32ce ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-edd32ce .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-edd32ce .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#da291c 0%,rgba(218,41,28,0) 100%) !important}.ugb-edd32ce .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-edd32ce .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading ugb--has-background-overlay\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\"><strong>The Supreme National Security Council <\/strong><\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Stop<\/strong> using \u201cnational security\u201d as an excuse to suppress the people\u2019s right to protest and their freedom of expression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stop<\/strong> ordering Internet shutdowns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Document<\/strong> all decision making with respect to Internet governance with complete transparency.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-121e8c4 ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-121e8c4 .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-121e8c4 .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-121e8c4 .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-121e8c4 .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\"><strong>The Parliament<\/strong><\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pass<\/strong> laws that recognise access to the Internet as a human right.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cease<\/strong> ongoing discussions to block Internet applications such as Instagram<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-8b69321 ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-8b69321 .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-8b69321 .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-8b69321 .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-8b69321 .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\">The Judiciary <\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol id=\"block-56225ff3-7d64-4dae-8211-6a6c03a88651\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Protect<\/strong> Freedom of Expression online in accordance with international freedom of expression standards. Any restrictions should have a sufficiently clear basis in law, and be necessary and proportionate to a legitimate aim under the ICCPR.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reverse<\/strong> their order to block Telegram from April 2018<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-2723cc9 ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-2723cc9 .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-2723cc9 .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-2723cc9 .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-2723cc9 .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\"><strong>The Committee Charged with Determining Offensive Content <\/strong><\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reverse<\/strong> its order to censor Twitter and Facebook from 2009.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Refrain<\/strong> from limiting freedom of expression and access to information online.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reform<\/strong> its mandate to tackle and remove offensive content that follows international standards for freedom of expression.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-c4e6636 ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-c4e6636 .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-c4e6636 .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-c4e6636 .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-c4e6636 .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\"><strong>The European Union <\/strong><\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dialogue<\/strong> with Iranian representatives, (through the European External Action Service), and encourage Iran to reform its data protection regulations in line with international standards on privacy, including the GDPR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Seek <\/strong>bilateral talks between the EU Commission\u2019s Units (i.e. Head of the International Data Flows and Protection Unit) and the Islamic Republic of Iran to leverage data trade relationships through privacy and data protection reform.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-51b9938 ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-51b9938 .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-51b9938 .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-51b9938 .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-51b9938 .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\"><strong>The United States <\/strong><\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Broaden the scope<\/strong> of General License D-1 within the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) in the Treasury Department to facilitate the export and provision of a wider range of services by US technology companies to Iran, such as through the Apple App store, or the Google Cloud Platform.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Examine<\/strong> the effects of its Maximum Pressure policy. One of the most obvious results of economic isolation is incentivising Iranian authorities towards a closed Internet system, and diminishing the costs of shutdowns from the global Internet.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Recognise<\/strong> that although Iran remains connected economically to the rest of the world, it also has an incentive to remain digitally connected to the rest of the world. Current US policies of maximum pressure preclude the possibility for Iran to develop mechanisms to be engaged in international trade, or keep its citizenry and private sector connected to the global Internet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reverse<\/strong> these isolationist policies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-a06aaef ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-a06aaef .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-a06aaef .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-a06aaef .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-a06aaef .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\"><strong>US Technology Companies <\/strong><\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Recognise the centrality of their role<\/strong> in providing services within Iran. They must seek General License D-1 wherever possible, and offer both commercial and personal hosting in order to deliver secure hosting and platforms options within Iran (and prevent buy-in into the NIN).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Revisit<\/strong> all platforms they block inside Iran and work with OFAC to ensure<strong> whitelisting <\/strong>of their services to Iran.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-accordion ugb-accordion ugb-6ac20d2 ugb-accordion--v2 ugb-accordion--design-basic ugb-main-block\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><style>.ugb-6ac20d2 .ugb-accordion__heading{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-6ac20d2 .ugb-accordion__heading:before{background-color:#da291c !important}.ugb-6ac20d2 .ugb-accordion__title{color:#ffffff}.ugb-6ac20d2 .ugb-accordion__arrow{fill:#ffffff}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__item\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__heading\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><h4 class=\"ugb-accordion__title\"><strong>The International Telecommunications Union <\/strong><\/h4><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" class=\"ugb-accordion__arrow\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><path d=\"M16.7 3.3L10 10 3.3 3.4 0 6.7l10 10v-.1l10-9.9z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content\" role=\"region\"><div class=\"ugb-accordion__content-inner\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Condemn<\/strong> Internet shutdowns in all their forms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ensure<\/strong> its members stay vigilant towards international human rights law.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"aligncenter wp-block-ugb-cta ugb-cta ugb-6b17107 ugb-cta ugb-cta--v2 ugb-main-block\"><style>.ugb-6b17107 .ugb-cta__item{background-color:#f2a900 !important}.ugb-6b17107 .ugb-cta__item:before{background-color:#f2a900 !important}.ugb-6b17107 .ugb-cta__description{font-size:22px !important}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-cta__item\"><p class=\"ugb-cta__description\"><strong>Stopping Internet shutdowns and keeping people safe during protests means that we can protect Iran\u2019s economy and people\u2019s lives.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"aligncenter wp-block-ugb-cta ugb-cta ugb-2c98f63 ugb-cta ugb-cta--v2 ugb-main-block\"><style>.ugb-2c98f63 .ugb-cta__item{border-radius:31px !important;background-color:#ededed !important}.ugb-2c98f63 .ugb-cta__item:before{background-color:#ededed !important}.ugb-2c98f63 .ugb-cta__title{margin-bottom:12px !important}.ugb-2c98f63 .ugb-button{background-color:#da291c;padding-top:18px;padding-bottom:18px;border-radius:14px !important}.ugb-2c98f63 .ugb-button .ugb-button--inner,.ugb-2c98f63 .ugb-button svg:not(.ugb-custom-icon){color:#ffffff !important}.ugb-2c98f63 .ugb-button:before{border-radius:14px !important}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-cta__item\"><h3 class=\"ugb-cta__title\">Download our report<\/h3><div class=\"ugb-button-container\"><a class=\"ugb-button ugb-button--size-large\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/TTN-report-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" title=\"\"><span class=\"ugb-button--inner\"><strong>Iran: Tightening the Net 2020 <\/strong><br><strong>After Blood and Shutdowns<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links alignleft is-style-default is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/%20facebook.com\/article19org\ufeff\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" 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c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Twitter icon link<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/article19\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Linkedin icon link<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Also available in Persian After Blood and Shutdowns Internet shutdowns are a serious violation of international human rights standards.&nbsp; They restrict people from sharing vital information quickly and easily.&nbsp; They obstruct journalists from monitoring events and reporting violence, and they disrupt protests.&nbsp; Government ordered Internet shutdowns are fast becoming a key tactic to disconnect people [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":58759,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-59418","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4.jpg",1595,529,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-300x99.jpg",300,99,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-768x255.jpg",640,213,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-1024x340.jpg",640,213,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-1536x509.jpg",1536,509,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4.jpg",1595,529,false],"mobile":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-480x159.jpg",480,159,true],"super":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-1500x497.jpg",1500,497,true],"two-col":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-570x189.jpg",570,189,true],"resources-featured":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-870x289.jpg",870,289,true],"timeline":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-780x259.jpg",780,259,true],"article-block":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-370x123.jpg",370,123,true],"article-block-double":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-740x245.jpg",740,245,true],"donations-image":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-170x56.jpg",170,56,true],"donations-bottom-image":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-470x156.jpg",470,156,true],"square":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-992x529.jpg",992,529,true],"event":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-706x426.jpg",706,426,true],"event-large":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-940x529.jpg",940,529,true],"video":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4-250x141.jpg",250,141,true],"article-hero":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4.jpg",771,256,false],"gform-image-choice-sm":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4.jpg",300,99,false],"gform-image-choice-md":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4.jpg",400,133,false],"gform-image-choice-lg":["https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/iran-test4.jpg",600,199,false]},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"<p>Share Also available in Persian After Blood and Shutdowns Internet shutdowns are a serious violation of international human rights standards.&nbsp; They restrict people from sharing vital information quickly and easily.&nbsp; They obstruct journalists from monitoring events and reporting violence, and they disrupt protests.&nbsp; Government ordered Internet shutdowns are fast becoming a key tactic to disconnect people from each other and to prevent us from scrutinising our governments\u2019 actions.&nbsp; During nation-wide protests in November 2019 Iran\u2019s government cut off the Internet for over 80 million people.&nbsp; As the shutdown continued the authorities attacked and killed hundreds.&nbsp; Since then, the Iranian government&hellip;<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"","author_info_v2":{"name":"gabriel","url":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/fa\/author\/gabriel\/"},"comments_num_v2":"0 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647","acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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As the shutdown continued the authorities attacked and killed hundreds.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/fa\/ttn-iran-november-shutdown\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Iran: Tightening the Net 2020 - ARTICLE 19\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"During nation-wide protests in November 2019 Iran\u2019s government forced an Internet shutdown for over 80 million people. 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